Species Information
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Euphydryas
Species: anicia cloudcrofti
Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot Butterfly - Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti
Image courtesy of Biota Information System of New Mexico
265243
Species Extent (New Mexico)
General Description
<b>Adult:</b> <i>E. a. cloudcrofti</i> is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan of around 5cm (2 inches) (USFWS 2009). It has yellow-orange clubbed antennae and reduced forelegs which are orange (Glassberg 2018). It can be recognized by a black body, orange antennae, and characteristic checkerspot patterning on the wings in dark brown, red, orange, and white with black spots and lines (Ferris and Holland 1980). Additionally, a circle of yellowish hairs can be found at the base of the abdomen. The females are larger than males and have more rounded abdomens than the males. Additionally, pale markings are evident on the distal hind wings of the females but generally subdued in males (Center for Biological Diversity 1998).<br/><br/><b>Eggs and Immature Stages:</b> Eggs are yellow when first laid and eventually turn a reddish brown (Center for Biological Diversity 1998). The caterpillars start their lives brown, small and lacking hairs. As the caterpillars progress through instars, they become woolly and black with long orange and black bristles (USFWS 2021). The mature caterpillars are between 1.3-2.5 cm long with an average length of 1.8cm and can be identified by the white, with orange and black spots along the side of the body. Pupae are mostly white with black and orange spotting (USFWS and USFS 2005). Adult butterflies are known only to lay their eggs on New Mexico penstemon where they deposit a clutch of eggs on the underside of the leaves (USFWS and USFS 2005).
Status
Global Rank: G5
State Rank: S1
| Rank Metadata | |
|---|---|
| State Rank: S1 | Rank Changed: 04/22/2025 |
| Rank Reviewed: 03/03/2014 | |
| Reason: The Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot Butterfly (<em>Eupydryas anicia cloudcrofti</em>) is a narrow endemic, isolated from adjacent sister taxa by post-Pleistocene climate change. It occurs in open meadows of upper montane and subalpine coniferous forest, within an 85 km² area in the Sacramento Mountains of southeastern New Mexico, USA. Habitats containing this subspecies also support New Mexico Penstemon (<em>Penstemon neomexicanus</em>), the larval host plant, and Orange Sneezeweed (<em>Hymenoxys hoopseii</em>), the nectar source preferred by adult butterflies. Historically, this butterfly was recorded in 15 general localities, but by 2022 could only be found at one historic site. This subspecies has experienced ongoing declines since population monitoring began in the late 1990s. By 2018, it was detected in very low numbers. The main threat to this subspecies currently is likely drought due to climate change, which has reduced the number of host and nectar plants. Other main threats include environmental stochasticity, further habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation due to development around the town of Cloudcroft, grazing by cattle, elk, and stray horses, pesticide spraying to suppress forest pest insects, recreational use, woody incursion, and fire suppression and fire suppression activities.<br/><br/>Using pre-diapause larval counts from 1999 to 2021 as an index of abundance, a population reduction of 77–100% in the last 10 years is estimated for this subspecies. This estimate was calculated from linear (upper limit of estimate) and exponential (lower limit of estimate) models of decline (see Figure 1 in the Supplementary Information). Whether or not this decline continues will depend on the effectiveness of ongoing conservation measures. Therefore, while this species qualifies as Critically Endangered (CR) under criterion A2 for past declines; future predictions of decline are unknown, so the species cannot be assessed under criteria A3 and A4. Where criterion B is concerned, a continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) has been observed over the last 30 years. The number of locations has also dropped during this period from 15 historically to just one currently. This subspecies is also considered severely fragmented because it is restricted to isolated habitat patches, separated by forests and high elevation areas, which support low numbers of individuals. It is not known to disperse widely between these fragmented habitats, as it flies low to the ground and individuals typically do not leave their natal meadows. Under current land management practices which do not promote habitat patch connectivity, recolonization of extinct patches is unlikely and has not yet been observed. As such, this subspecies qualifies as CR under criteria B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) because it meets the EOO and AOO thresholds, and continuing decline in EOO, AOO, area and extent of habitat, number of mature individuals, and number of locations has been observed or estimated.<br/><br/>This species also qualifies as S1 in New Mexico. In 2022, only 12 adult butterflies were observed in the wild, despite near daily survey attempts throughout the flight period. While it is unlikely all remaining mature individuals were counted during these surveys, given the small size of the extant range and the time spent looking, it is unlikely that many individuals escaped detection. Since 2023 no individuals have been found. |
| Ecological Factors | |
|---|---|
| Specificity: Very narrow. Specialist or community with key requirements scarce. | Range Extent: <100 square km (less than about 40 square miles) |
| Occurences: 1 - 5 | Population Size: Unknown |
| Area of Occupancy: No observations have been made of this species in the last two years despite extensive survey effort. The last known observation was made in two occurrences in 2023 one in Bailey Meadow and the other in Redondo Campground. | Threat Summary: N/A |
State Status:
Federal Status: Listed Endangered [LE]
Observations in Natural Heritage New Mexico Database
Number of Subpopulations: 21
Number of Mapped Locations: 36
Number of Observations: 41
Observation date range: 03-22-1999 to 08-02-2012
External Links
View More Information about this species at:
Biota Information System of New Mexico (BISON-M)
NatureServe Explorer
Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS)
New Mexico State Wildlife Action Plan (NMSWAP)
Biota Information System of New Mexico (BISON-M)
NatureServe Explorer
Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS)
New Mexico State Wildlife Action Plan (NMSWAP)